General |
Command Syntax |
command [option] [source file(s)] [target file] |
Whatis |
whatis <command> |
whatis grep |
Manual |
man |
man ls
man -k ls
man -k ls | grep list |
|
Directory Structure |
/ |
Root |
/bin |
Commands that can be accessed by all users |
/boot |
Static boot loader files |
/dev |
Device files |
/etc |
Host-specific configuration files |
/home |
User home directories |
/lib |
Shared libraries and kernel modules |
/mnt |
Mount point for temporary file systems |
/opt |
Add on application software |
/root |
Home directory for root user |
/sbin |
System binaries |
/tmp |
Temporary files |
/usr |
Shareable, read-only |
/var |
Variable data files |
|
|
User |
Change User |
su <user_name> |
su root
su oracle
exit
exit |
Become root |
su - |
su -
exit |
Current user account |
whoami |
whoami
su -
whoami
exit
whoami |
|
Navigation |
Change Directory ...
down one level |
cd <directory_name> |
cd etc |
Change Directory ...
up one level |
cd |
cd .. |
Change To Root Directory |
cd |
cd / |
|
File Handling |
Make Directory |
mkdir <directory_name> |
mkdir morgan |
Remove Directory |
rmdir <directory_name> |
rmdir morgan |
Remove Directory & Subdirectories |
rm -i <directory_name> |
cd $HOME
ls -al
mkdir morgan
ls -al
cd morgan
mkdir subdir
ls -al
cd ..
rm -ir morgan |
Create File |
touch <file_name> |
touch psoug.ora |
Remove A File |
rm <file_name> |
rm psoug.ora |
Copy |
cp <old_name> <new_name> |
cp psoug.ora / |
Copy with
Confirmation |
cp -i <old_name> <new_name> |
cp psoug.ora / |
Recursive Copy |
cp -ir <old_name> <new_name> |
cp -ir psoug.ora / |
Secure CoPy |
scp <user_name>@<server_name>:<source_path_and_file_name>
<target_path_and_file_name> |
scp
oracle@bigdog:/home/oracle/*.gz . |
Delete |
rm <file_spec> |
touch delfile
ls -l
rm delfile |
List |
ls <switches> <file_spec> |
ls
ls *ora
ls -l *ora
ls -larn
ls -larn *ora
ls -lt |
Move |
mv <starting_file> <resulting_file> |
touch myfile
ls -l
mv myfile /home/myfile
ls -l |
Rename |
mv <starting_file> <resulting_file> |
touch file1.aaa
ls -l
mv file1.aaa file1.bbb
ls -l |
Wildcards: Multiple
Characters |
* |
mv
cp
del |
Wildcard: Single
Character |
? |
mv
cp
del |
Change Owner |
chown <owner_name> <directory_or_file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -l
chown oracle chngdemo
ls -l |
Change Group |
chgrp <group_name> <directory_or_file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -l
chgrp dba chngdemo
ls -l |
Change Mode Triplets |
ROOT - GROUP - USER |
drwxrwxrwx |
Change Mode |
chmod <code> <file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -l
chmod 755 chngdemo
ls -l |
CHMOD and UMASK Codes and Results |
Code |
UMASK |
Result |
111 |
666 |
---x--x--x |
222 |
555 |
--w--w--w- |
333 |
444 |
--wx-wx-wx |
444 |
333 |
-r--r--r-- |
555 |
222 |
-r-xr-xr-x |
666 |
111 |
-rw-rw-rw- |
777 |
000 |
-rwxrwxrwx |
124 |
653 |
---x-w-r-- |
644 |
133 |
---wr--r-- |
755 |
022 |
-rwxr-xr-x |
|
|
Demo |
Navigation Exercise |
-- navigate to root directory
cd /
-- verify location
pwd
ls -l
-- navigate to home directory
cd home
-- make a some directories
mkdir morgan
cd morgan
pwd
mkdir dest
mkdir src
ls -l
cd src
pwd
touch psoug
ls -l
mv psoug psoug.src
mv psoug |
|
Environment Manipulation |
rename host server |
Rename a Linux server's name |
su
cd /etc/sysconfig
-- change the host name entry |
uname |
List hardware/operating system environment |
uname -a |
env |
List environment variables for
the current session |
Same as set. See export demo |
export |
Sets environment variables |
set
export ORACLE_SID=orabase
set |
set |
List environment variables for
the current session |
Same as env. See export demo |
command history |
$HISTSIZE |
$HISTSIZE
!10
!-4
$HISTSIZE=100
$HISTSIZE |
command history |
$HOME |
echo $HOME
cd $HOME
cd /
cd ~ |
|
File Backup &
Restore |
Tape Archive (tar) |
tar <switches> <file_spec>
<tarball_name> |
tar -cvf * beta1RAC.tar |
Compressed TAR |
tar <switches> <file_spec>
<tarball_name> |
tar -cxvf * beta1RAC.tar.gz |
UNTAR |
tar <switches> <file_spec>
<tarball_name> |
tar -xvf beta1RAC.tar |
UNTAR Compressed |
tar <switches> <file_spec>
<tarball_name> |
tar -zxvf beta1RAC.tar.gz |
UNJAR A Java File |
jar <switches> <file_spec> <jar_name> |
jar -xf patch.jar |
CPIO |
cpio -ivf <file_name> |
cpio -idv < as_linux_x86_101300_disk1.cpio |
|
Cron Commands |
crontab cronfile |
Submits jobs to be scheduled |
? |
crontab -e |
Makes changes to an existing chron schedule |
? |
crontab cronfile |
Submits jobs to be scheduled |
? |
|
Applications |
Concatenate (CAT)
An obscure word meaning "to connect in a series" |
cat <file_name> |
cat ? |
Disk Free Space |
df <switches> |
df -k
df -m
df -h (Linux only) |
View environment
variable's value |
echo <environment
variable> |
echo $ORACLE_SID |
Find Files |
find . -name "<file_name>" -print |
find . -name "grep" -print |
Find archive logs older than 3 days and delete them |
find |
find . -name *.arc -type f -ctime +3 -exec rm {} \; |
Delete files over 14
days old |
find $WORKDIR -name
"<filemask>" -mtime+<days> -exec rm {}\; |
find $WORKDIR -name
"*.dat.*" -mtime + 14 -exec rm {} \; |
Find and delete
trace files more than 7 days old |
find . -name "<file_name>" -print |
find $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID -name
"*.trc" -mtime +7 -exec rm -f {} \; |
Global regular expression print (GREP). Prints all lines
matching a certain pattern |
grep [-options] pattern [filename] |
grep |
Disk i/o Memory Statistics |
iostat |
iostat |
More |
more |
cd /etc
more protocols |
Processor related statistics |
mpstat |
mpstat |
Processes |
ps <switches> grep <filter> |
ps -ef
ps -ef | grep ora |
System Activity Statistics (Paging) |
sar |
sar -B |
Tee
Splits the output of another command, sending it to a file and to the terminal. |
tee <file_name> |
cd $HOME
ls -larn
ls -larn | tee zzyzx
ls -larn
more zzyzx |
Top CPU processes |
top |
top
q |
Virtual Memory Statistics |
vmstat |
vmstat |
View the full path of shell commands |
which <shell command name> |
which grep
which id
which which |
|
System Management |
Wireless
Configuration |
iwconfig <switches> |
iwconfig wifi0 power
off |
Shared Library Dependencies |
ldd <program_name> |
ldd ? |
Display Loaded Kernel Modules |
lsmod |
lsmod |
Display Open Files |
lsof |
lsof |
Display Formatted Process Tree |
pstree <switches> |
pstree -ca |
|
User Management |
Change Password and Expiration Information |
chage |
chage ? |
Force Password Change At Next Logon |
chage |
chage -d0 |
Create Group |
groupadd <group_name> |
groupadd |
Display All Resource Limits for the Current User |
ulimit <switches> |
ulimit -a |
Display data about one or more users |
finger <switches> users |
finger -l oracle |
|
vi |
create a new file or open a file for editing
|
vi |
vi initSID.ora |
quit without saving |
:q! |
:q! |
save and quit |
:wq |
:wq |
insert |
Esc i |
i |
append |
Esc A |
A |
open a new line |
Esc o |
o |
replace a single character |
Esc r |
r |
replace a multiple characters |
Esc R |
R |
delete a single character |
Esc x |
x |
delete line |
Esc dd |
dd |
delete word |
Esc dw |
dw |
undo |
Esc u |
u |
|
SQL*Plus Shell
Script Demo |
bash demo |
--
log onto Linux as the user oracle
-- verify the UNIX user
[oracle@gamma2 home]$ whoami
oracle
-- log into Oracle as scott/tiger
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 17:18:37 2006
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining
options
-- create a test table
SCOTT@orcl > create table test (
2 testcol VARCHAR2(30));
Table created.
-- exit SQL*Plus
SCOTT@orcl >exit;
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition
Release 10.2.0.1.0 Production With the Partitioning Option, Real
Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options
-- verify location is Oracle's home directory
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ pwd
/home/oracle
-- create a file named "morgan"
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ touch morgan
-- look at the file's permissions
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al morgan
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 15:56 morgan
-- make it executable
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ chmod 755 morgan
-- verify it is executable
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al morgan
-rwxr-xr-x
1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 15:56 morgan
-- open the file using vi
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ vi morgan
-- insert the following w/o quotes: "touch
cline"
-- verify the file's contents
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ more morgan
touch cline
-- execute it
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ./morgan
-- verify the cline file was created
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al cline
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 16:04 cline
-- delete the "cline" file
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ rm cline
-- open morgan with vi, remove the TOUCH command
-- and put in what you see after "more morgan" below
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ vi morgan
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ more morgan
sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl <<EOF
INSERT INTO test (testcol) VALUES ('Cline');
COMMIT;
EXIT
EOF
-- execute it ... everything else is what scrolls on
screen
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ./morgan
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 17:20:16 2006
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining
options
SCOTT@orcl >
1 row created.
SCOTT@orcl >
Commit complete.
SCOTT@orcl > exit;
Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release
10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining
options
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ |
|
Rescue |
In the event of failure boot from the Linux CD or DVD |
boot: linux rescue
# chroot /mnt/sysimage
# cd /boot/grub
use vi to edit/configure files |
|
Example Configuration Files |
Export Display |
export DISPLAY=localhost:0:0
echo $DISPLAY |
.bash_profile |
alias ob='cd $ORACLE_BASE'
alias oh='cd $ORACLE_HOME'
alias cm='cd $ORACLE_HOME/oracm/log'
alias sql='sqlplus "/ as sysdba"' |
hosts.equiv |
# Comment/Uncomment those entries for your cluster below. |
|
alpha1 |
oracle |
alpha2 |
oracle |
#beta1 |
oracle |
#beta2 |
oracle |
#gamma1 |
oracle |
#gamma2 |
oracle |
delta1 |
oracle |
delta2 |
oracle |
|
alpha-node1 |
oracle |
alpha-node2 |
oracle |
#beta-node1 |
oracle |
#beta-node2 |
oracle |
#gamma-node1 |
oracle |
#gamma-node2 |
oracle |
#delta-node1 |
oracle |
#delta-node2 |
oracle |
|
# DO NOT Comment out this entry! |
topdog |
oracle |
|